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Walking Access In The New Zealand Outdoors

Table of Contents

• PDF Version
• Walking Access In The New Zealand Outdoors
• Disclaimer
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Executive Summary
• 1 - Introduction
• Background
• Consultation
• 2 - The Characteristics of Access
• Background
• Urban and Rural Private Land
• Changes in Land Use
• Changes in Land Ownership
• Changes in Demand for Access
• Conclusion
• 3 - Arrangements for Access in New Zealand
  • Background
  • Guidance Given to Government Agencies
    • Resource Management Act
    • The New Zealand Walkways Act
  • Guidance Given to Landowners
    • Health and Safety in Employment Act
    • Occupiers' Liability Act
    • Crimes Act
    • Forest and Rural Fires Act
  • Guidance Given to the Public
    • Trespass Act
    • Customary Processes
    • Non-statutory Guidance
  • Customary Processes
  • Non-statutory Guidance
  • Access Arrangements on Maori Land
    • Treaty of Waitangi
  • Conclusion
• 4 - Public Access Arrangements in Other Countries
• Background
• Access Arrangements in Other Countries
  • France
  • Germany
  • Switzerland
  • Austria
  • Scandinavia
  • England and Wales
  • Scotland
• Conclusion
• 5 - Discussion on Property Rights
• Background
• What is Property?
• What are Property Rights?
• Spectrum of Views on Property Rights
• Property Rights in Relation to Access
• Conclusion
• 6 - Concerns in Access
  • Nature of Problems of Access to the Countryside
  • Rural Landowner Concerns
    • Impact on Forest/Farming Practices
    • Biosecurity
    • Potential Habitat/Environmental Degradation
    • Provision of Facilities
    • Personal Safety
    • Security and Theft
    • Fire Risk
    • Health and Safety
    • Summary
  • Maori Land
  • User Concerns
  • Crown-owned Land
  • Crown Pastoral Land Act, Land Tenure Review
    • Roads
    • Charging for Access
  • Conclusion
• 7 - Access To and Along Water Margins
• Background
• Origins of the Queen's Chain
• Provisions for Access along Water Margins on Maori Land
• Historical Development of Marginal Strip Law
• Current Mechanisms for Providing Access Along Water Margins
  • Roads
  • Esplanade Reserves/Strips
  • Access Strips
  • Summary
• Factors Inhibiting Public Access to Water Margins
  • Mapping
  • Physical Changes and Obstacles
  • Signage
  • Power of Territorial Authorities
  • Department of Conservation and Marginal Strips
  • Conduct Issues
  • Ad medium filum aquae Rights
• Conclusion
• 8 - Access to Public Land
• Background
  • Institutional Direction
  • Information and Certainty
  • Roads
  • Firearms
  • Motor Vehicles and Practical Access
  • Crown Pastoral Lease Land
• Conclusion
• 9 - Access Onto Private Land
• Background
• "As of Right" Access
• The Current Situation
  • Development of Social Conventions
  • Pressures from Change
  • Need for Goodwill
  • Pressures on Landowners to Reduce the Provision of Access
  • Conduct of those Seeking Access
  • Barriers to Casual Recreation
• Conclusion
• 10 - Objectives for Enhancing Access
• Background
• Objective: To Strengthen Leadership
  • Access Agency
• Objective: To Provide Certainty
  • Provision of Accurate Information on Location and Type of Access
  • Landowner Contact Information
  • Signage
  • Code of Conduct
• Objective: To Embrace the Queen's Chain Ethos
  • Deeming
  • Statutory Trust
• Objective: To Encourage Negotiated Solutions
  • Role of Roads in Negotiations
  • New Technologies
  • Development of Marked Routes
  • Waymarks
  • Rights of Way
• Objective: To Improve Current Legislation
  • Public Works Act
  • Resource Management Act
  • Conservation Act
  • Trespass Act
  • New Zealand Walkways Act
  • Health and Safety in Employment Act
  • Forest and Rural Fires Act
• Conclusion
• 11 - Additional Matters
• Background
  • Firearms
  • Bicycles, Vehicles and Animals
  • Land Management
  • Fisheries Management
  • Crown Pastoral Land Act
  • Ad medium filum aquae Rights
  • Charging Issues
  • Overseas Investment Commission
  • Oceans Policy
• Conclusion
• 12- Towards a New Zealand Access Strategy
• Glossary
• Appendix 1: Terms of Reference
  • Reference Group for Investigation of Matters Relating to Public Access Terms of Reference
• Background
• Terms of Reference
• Process
• Appendix 2: List of Iwi/Organisations approached by the Reference Group
• The Queen's Chain at a Glance
  • Margins Vested on Crown Alienation
  • Margins Regained on Subdivision
• List of Legislation Applying to the Alienation of Crown Land
  • Legislation by the Provinces 1854-1876
    • Province of Auckland
    • Province of Hawke's Bay
    • Province of Taranaki
    • Province of Wellington
    • Province of Marlborough
    • Province of Nelson
    • Province of Westland
    • Province of Canterbury
    • Province of Otago
    • Province of Southland
• Selected Bibliography

Contact for Enquiries

Mark Neeson
Manager, Land and Water Policy
Pastoral House
25 The Terrace
PO Box 2526, Wellington

Phone: +64 894 0703
Fax: +64 4 894 0745

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