- 4. Facilitating market access
- Determination of pathways for transmission of onion smut.
- Review, research and design of Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) models acceptable for plant export integrity for the various assurance types required.
- Identification key for Tarsonemidae.
- Use and impact of government export credit and export credit guarantees on agricultural trade.
- The real barriers to trade in forest products.
- Facilitating market access for New Zealand apples into Australia: Quantitative PCR determination for Erwinia amylovora.
- Assessment of the practicalities of conducting pest risk analysis for export commodities, using the risk of codling moth introduction through cherry trade as an example.
4. Facilitating market access
This category provides information that will assist in developing and implementing policies that help to facilitate the access of New Zealand's agricultural, horticultural and forestry products to overseas markets. Trading opportunities for these products are affected by many distortions. These include not only the more direct obstructions to access such as tariffs and non-tariff measures (e.g. sanitary and technical barriers to trade, administration of tariff quotas) but also the use of export subsidies and domestic support policies to assist competing producers. The animal welfare proposals covered under this category have been separated out into the combined chapter eight for ease of access.
4.1 FMA 100
Programme Title: |
Determination of pathways for transmission of onion smut. |
| Programme Leader: | Alison Stewart |
| Institution: | Lincoln University |
Programme Goal: To establish whether mature onions, grown in onion smut infested soil can carry sufficient inoculum in/on the bulbs to subsequently infect onion seedlings and thereby act as a pathway for disease transmission.
Objective 1
Objective Title: Transmission of onion smut
Research Leader: Dr Alison Stewart/Dr Bob Fullerton
Description:
The incidence of smut spores of onion bulbs will be measured by obtaining samples from:
- an area with a high incidence of the disease on current (1998/99) season bulbs;
- export quality onions from a commercial producer in a smut infested area.
Approximately 100 sample bulbs from each group of onions will be taken before and after commercial grading to determine the effect of the grading process on the incidence of soil and smut spores being carried on the onions. The onions will be washed and the residue examined for the presence of smut spores. The spore loading per onion will be determined (min, max, mean).
The study will determine the minimum, maximum and average spore loading on export onions and the minimum threshold of spore number in the soil required to cause infection.
4.2 FMA 101
Programme Goal: To review existing certification procedures using HACCP principles and develop sound models that meet the needs of exporters and the different types of MAF assurances required.
Objective 1
Objective Title: Current situation and needs analysis.
Research Leaders: Anne-Marie Arts and Keith Budd
Description:
A greater understanding of the needs and knowledge of the different types of exporter is needed to develop robust workable quality assurance models. The outcome of this analysis will be an understanding of what MAF needs to do to facilitate the uptake of HACCP-based programmes for exporters. This will enable the design of HACCP models or codes of practice that are user-friendly and most likely to gain industry acceptance and uptake.
Objective 2
Objective Title: Match up information review and validate suitable HACCP models.
Research Leaders: Keith Budd and Ian Shaw
Description
Develop the models, by type of exporter and quality assurance, using the information gained in Objective 1. The outcome will be practical working models of quality assurance systems including HACCP-based programmes that have been trialed with industry participants and meet the needs of importing countries, MAF and the exporter.
4.3 FMA 102
Programme Title: |
Identification key for Tarsonemidae. |
| Programme Leader: | Dr Zhi-Qiang Zhang |
| Institution: | Landcare, Lincoln |
Programme Goal: To provide user-friendly identification keys to the genera and species of the mites in the Tarsonemidae family occurring in New Zealand.
Objective 1
Objective Title: Tarsonemid mite key.
Research Leader: Dr Zhang
Description:
A key to genera and species of Tarsonemidae in New Zealand will be prepared. The key will be illustrated, user-friendly and will include available distribution data. A key to separate Tarsonemidae from other related families will also be included. The key will be based on the morphological characters of the adults, including both males and females.
4.4 FMA 120
Programme Title: |
Use and impact of government export credit and export credit guarantees on agricultural trade. |
| Programme Leader: | Mr Ian McIntosh |
| Institution: | Agriculture New Zealand |
Programme Goal: To determine the extent of use of government export credit and export credit guarantees in international agricultural trade and the impact of these on trade and competitiveness. To build the knowledge base about export credit and export credit guarantees in preparation for the forthcoming WTO
Objective 1: Identify existing use of export credit and export credit guarantees.
Description:
Describe the use and main features of government export credit and export credit guarantees by important agricultural exporting nations (USA, Canada, European Community (and individual member states), and Australia).
Objective 2: Measure the subsidy effect.
Description
Define what may be reasonably considered a subsidy under government export credit and export credit guarantee schemes. Estimate the effect of the subsidy by quantifying, or at least indicating the incidence of, the subsidy effect.
Objective 3: Measure the trade effect.
Description:
Discuss the impact on trade of export credit and credit guarantees schemes compared to other forms of government subsidy. Estimate changes (in general directional terms) in international trade patterns.
4.5 FMA 130
Programme Title: |
The real barriers to trade in forest products. |
| Programme Leader: | Mary Clarke |
| Institution: | NZIER |
Programme Goal: To identify the real barriers to trade in forest products and examine their effect and the implications of their removal.
Objective 1
Objective Title: Markets, opportunities and impediments.
Description:
Provide an overview of the current situation and trends by:
- institutional knowledge;
- interviewing key forestry industry and government personnel;
- analysing data and trends;
- literature review.
Objective 2
Objective Title: Tariff barriers to trade and their future evolution.
Description
Identify tariffs that have the greatest impact on the trade of New Zealand forest products by examining tariff profiles and reduction commitments of the key current and potential forest product export markets identified under Objective 1.
Objective 3
Objective Title: Non-tariff barriers to trade and their future evolution.
Description
Document constraints on trade of New Zealand forest products using studies by APEC, ITTO and PECC as well as drawing upon institutional knowledge and information provided by key forestry industry and government department personnel.
Objective 4
Objective Title: Impacts on trade.
Description
This objective will focus on:
- understanding the mechanisms by which restrictions/impediments impact the New Zealand forest sector;
- quantifying the costs, to the forest sector and the New Zealand economy as a whole, of barriers to trade;
- measuring the net benefit of their reduction.
4.6 HMA 132
Completion of project commenced in 1998/99
Programme Goal: To provide MAF with information on new quantitative PCR technology which can be used to accurately measure the number of Erwinia amylovora bacteria present on export apple fruit. The new technology will be used to validate earlier research on the inoculum threshold required to initiate infection.
Objective 1
Objective Title: Developing quantitative PCR.
Research Leader: Dr J W Marshall
Description:
To develop a quantitative molecular method for detecting E. amylovora in the calyxes of apple fruit.
Objective Title: PCR testing of orchard samples.
Research Leader: Dr C N Hale
Description
To determine presence or absence and numbers of E. amylovora in apple fruit samples from 3-4 orchard blocks infected with fire blight and from 2 orchards close to infected orchards but showing no symptoms.
Objective Title: Inoculum threshold for initiation of infection.
Research Leader: Dr C N Hale
Description
To develop quantitative PCR methods to determine the E. amylovora inoculum threshold required to initiate fire blight infection in susceptible host plants under varying climatic conditions in the field or laboratory.
4.7 HMA 133
Completion of project commenced in 1998/99
Programme Goal: To provide a sound scientific case describing the risk of codling moth being present on export cherries and being introduced to an importing country through trade.
Objective 1
Objective Title: Codling moth risk in cherries.
Research Leader: Dr Howard Wearing
Description:
The aims of this research are to determine, through international collaboration, the non-host status of cherry for codling moth, the probability of codling moth being in export cherries, and the phytosanitary risks that this poses to importing countries. The results of this pest risk analysis will be provided to MAF and prepared as a scientific paper jointly with overseas researchers for a peer reviewed journal.
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