Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources - ANNEX 3:EXCERPT FROM GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY, AENVIRONMENT 2010"

TABLE 1. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FIELD CROPS
TABLE 2. GENETIC RESOURCES OF VEGETABLE CROPS
TABLE 3. GENETIC RESOURCES OF PASTURE AND SOIL CONSERVATION PLANTS
TABLE 4. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FRUIT AND NUT SPECIES
TABLE 5. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FOREST TREES
TABLE 6. INDIGENOUS PLANTS (OTHER THAN FOREST TREES), AND EXOTIC ORNAMENTALS

ANNEX 3: EXCERPT FROM GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY, AENVIRONMENT 2010"

Protecting indigenous habitats and biological diversity.

Goal

To protect indigenous habitats and biological diversity by:

maintaining and enhancing the net area of New Zealand's remaining indigenous forests and enhancing the ecological integrity of other remaining indigenous ecosystems;
promoting the conservation and sustainable management of biological diversity so that the quality of our indigenous and productive ecosystems is maintained or enhanced.

Issues

New Zealand's geographical isolations and diverse terrain have contributed to a unique range of habitats and species of plants and animals. The indigenous habitats of New Zealand include our forests, tussock grasslands, waterways, alpine tops, estuaries and coastal ecosystems.

In the occupation and settlement of New Zealand, many indigenous habitats were modified, leading to a loss in biological diversity. Today, our economic prosperity depends on productive ecosystems including our agricultural land and much of our commercial forest land. Maintaining and enhancing biological diversity is a vital step in protecting both our native and productive ecosystems.

The term >biological diversity" (or biodiversity) encompasses the variety and abundance of plants, animals and microorganisms and their associated ecosystems. The larger, more diverse and complex a habitat is, the more resilient it is to change and stress. The possibility of global climate change, drought, and the introduction of invasive plant and animal species are some examples of the many stresses placed on the New Zealand environment.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, New Zealand protected significant areas of indigenous forest, or required its sustainable management. More effective protection is now possible for wetlands and many other lowland habitats under the provisions of the Resource Management Act.

The protection and enhancement of important habitats and of indigenous biological diversity is not free of cost, and this needs to be recognised. At the same time, New Zealand benefits economically from clean air, productive soils, and the many other services that healthy ecosystems and habitats provide.

Risks

The risks differ between those types of ecosystems that are relatively well protected and those that are not.

The risks are:

loss of some types of ecosystems, such as wetlands and tussock grasslands;
loss of biodiversity and decline in health of protected ecosystems caused by introduced plants and animals, such as possums;
damage to ecosystems and reduction in biodiversity because people do not understand how ecological systems and processes operate;
loss of taonga Maori, such as pingao, which grows in sand dunes and is used for weaving;
damage to sensitive areas, such as fragile alpine ecosystems, as the result of a dramatic increase in the number of visitors;
damage to ecologically valuable sites and/or ecosystems from developments such as prospecting and mining, siting of telecommunication facilities, hydroelectric power stations and farms;
damage to the unique flora and fauna that makes New Zealand so distinctive for visitors.

Actions

The legislation governing conservation, protected areas and species, and resource management provides a strong basis for protecting biological diversity and indigenous habitats. Specific legislative amendments may be required over time. However, the key lies in the following actions;

preparing a national strategy setting out clear goals for maintaining indigenous biodiversity as the first stage in implementing the International Convention on Biological Diversity, and considering the development of a national policy statement on biological diversity under the Resource Management Act;
preventing further loss of habitats and species and damage to ecological processes on the mainland, and restoring habitats on offshore islands by

- controlling, and where possible eradicating, animal pests and problem plants

- ensuring funding such as Nga Whenua Rahui and the Forest Heritage Fund is well prioritised and targeted to protect forest and other important habitats, such as wetlands, tussock grasslands and dune lands in Maori and other forms of private ownership

- giving greater priority to research that enhances our knowledge of New Zealand's ecological processes and indigenous ecosystems rather than focusing on individual species in isolation

- continuing programmes of researching and managing individual declining species on offshore islands;

developing a priority setting and risk assessment framework to guide conservation management and research;
broadening public understanding and appreciation of the working of natural systems by providing education programmes, and by encouraging people to visit, and help protect, conservation lands;
addressing the role of sustainable management (e.g. customary harvest of various native plants and animals) in the context of the conservation and sustainable management of biological diversity;
developing innovative processes for exploration and resolving conflicts between conservation and "consumptive" land uses, such as tourism, mining and telecommunications.

Priority

Priority will be given to:

completing the terrestrial protected areas network, including wetlands, grasslands and other ecosystems under-represented in reserves, developing a comparable network of marine protected areas, and ensuring that coastal ecosystems are protected through the implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy;
containing and controlling plant and animal pests, incorporating any environmentally safe new technologies and control agents, to improve habitat and species protection and retention;
achieving a broad consensus of public and iwi support, understanding, awareness and involvement in biological diversity conservation;
meeting the tourism needs of residents and visitors while maintaining the integrity of the environment.

ANNEX 4: GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND MAORI WORDS

Acronyms

ACNGT

Advisory Committee on Novel Genetic Techniques

CGIAR

Consultative group International Agricultural Research

CITES

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CRI	Crown Research Institute

DOC	Department of Conservation

DSIR	Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

ERMA	Environmental Risk Management Authority

FAO	Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

FRST	Foundation for Research, Science & Technology

GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP	Gross Domestic Product

HSNO	Hazardous Substance and New Organisms

IAG	Interim Assessment Group for the Field Testing or Release of Genetically Modified Organisms

ICPPGR

International Conference and Programme on Plant Genetic Resources

MAF	Ministry of Agriculture

MoRST

Ministry of Research, Science & Technology

NIWA	National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd

OECD	Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

PGR	Plant Genetic Resources

PGSF	Public Good Science Fund

PNA	Protected Natural Areas

PVR	Plant Variety Rights

R&D	Research and Development

RNZIH

Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture

TRIPS

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

UPOV	International Convention on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants

Maori words

iwi

tribe/race of people/nation

tangata whenua

local person

taonga

treasures, other properties

te tino rangatiratanga

to possess and control what is yours

mauri

physical life force

TABLE 1. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FIELD CROPS

WHEAT

BARLEY

OATS

MAIZE

TOBACCO

HOPS

Seed storage

Long-term storage at 0o C and 35% RH (Crop and Food Research, Lincoln)

18oC sealed containers (Hort+Research, Riwaka)

N.A. (vegetatively propagated)

Regeneration

Systematic

Systematic; collection grown in rotation to produce new selfed seed every 10 years

Living collections maintained at Riwaka Research Centre (Hort+Research)

Representation

3500 wild collections and cultivars

1500 cultivars and breeding lines, mainly of overseas origin

400 wild collections, cultivars and breeding lines

200 cultivars and breeding lines; mostly of N.Z. origin

300 overseas cultivars and 300 breeding lines, mostly of N.Z. origin

80 overseas cultivars and 350 breeding lines of N.Z. origin

Value and uniqueness

Important for local use; perhaps 75% unique (old land-races lost overseas)

Small international value; approx. 20% unique

Local value; some old N.Z. land-races may be unique

Local value only

Local verticillium wilt-resistant cultivars and breeding lines are unique

Significant value, triploid types unique, resistant to black rootrot. Tetraploid breeding material unique

Use

Working collection

Tobacco industry now defunct

Primarily a working collection for breeding programme

Documentation

Full computer documentation of passport, characterisation and some evaluation characteristics

Computerised

Not available outside Hort. Research

Availability to other users

Available to any organisation upon reasonable request

Available

Only material from U.S. universities

Freely available overseas and to N.Z. universities and CRIs

Some used commercially

Location of chief world genetic resources

Middle and Near East. Major gene banks U.S.A. and Australia

Centre of origin Asia Minor, Afghanistan, Ethiopia. Major gene banks USA & St Petersburg

Mediterranean, Europe, Asia, N.E. Africa. Major gene banks U.S.A.

Major gene banks CIMMYT (Mexico) U.S.A.

Japan, U.S.A. Zimbabwe

U.S.A., Slovenia, Germany, England, Japan

Adequacy of conservation in N.Z.

Adequate

TABLE 2. GENETIC RESOURCES OF VEGETABLE CROPS

POTATOES

PEAS

PUMPKINS/

SQUASH (Cucurbita spp.)

ONIONS

SWEET POTATOES

(KUMARA)

Living collections

Crop and Food Research, Lincoln

Seed storage

Room temperature low humidity (Crop and Food Research Lincoln)

10oC, 50% R.H. (Crop and Food Research, Pukekohe)

In vitro; live plants

Representation

400 wild collections cultivars and breeding lines; N.Z. and overseas

450 wild collections cultivars and breeding lines

50 wild collections, cultivars, NZ and overseas

200 N.Z. and overseas cultivars and breeding material

9 lines - total existing representation of Maori varieties (pre-European)

Regeneration

Small number (20 tubers) replanted each year

On demand

On demand, lines isolated during increase

On demand; lines isolated during increase

Continuous

Value and uniqueness

Mainly local value; 10% unique

Local value only; none unique

Local value, breeding lines unique

Local value; breeding lines unique

Unique

Use

Working collection; all imported clones maintained

Working collection; conservation incidental

Working collection

Working collection; conservation incidental

Conservation

Documentation

Systematic, computerised

Not yet computerised; systematic descriptors planned

Systematic descriptors planned

None

Availability

Available

Location of chief world genetic resources

Peru; Scotland, U.S.A.

U.S.A., India

U.S.A.

U.S.A., U.K., Holland

Japan, U.S.A.

Adequacy of conservation in N.Z.

As collection grows, staff and land for regeneration could be a problem

Adequate

Adequate - just commenced

Adequate

TABLE 3. GENETIC RESOURCES OF PASTURE AND SOIL CONSERVATION PLANTS

FORAGE & TURF GRASSES, FORAGE LEGUMES AND OTHER GRASSLAND PLANTS

POPLARS & WILLOWS

SOIL CONSERVATION

SHRUBS AND HERBS

Living collections

Extensive areas of permanent pasture, waste ground, sports turf etc.

HortResearch, Palmerston North (Aokautere); Clyde; Eastwoodhill Arboretum, Ngatapa, Gisborne; Hackfalls Arboretum, Tiniroto;

Cousins pty, Colyton, Palmerston North; McKellar pty, Hunterville

Some scattered in past soil conservation species trial sites

Seed storage

Controlled long-term storage at 00C and 25% R.H., Ag Research Grasslands Division, Palmerston North

AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, at 0NC and 25% RH, and Alexandra at room temp

Representation

Ryegrasses (Lolium spp) 17,000

Fescues (Festuca spp) 5,200

Cocksfoot (Dactylis spp) 2,800

Bromes (Bromus spp) 1,500

Other grasses 8,800

White clover (Trifolium repens) 17,000

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) 3,600

Lucerne (Medicago sativa) 2,700

Lotus spp 3,800

Other legumes 7,600

Other grassland plants 1,100

(includes soil conservation plants)

71,100

National Collection: Annually-coppiced stoolbeds at Aokautere

Poplar: 178 clones of 9 species and 4 hybrids; Willow: 207 clones of 40 species and 14 hybrids; Over 500 additional poplar and willow clones (principally hybrids) held in arboreta and trials

80-100 miscellaneous herbaceous and shrubby species

Regeneration

Systematic but limited by resources to 150 entries per year

Vegetative propagation of 'valuable' or rare phenotypes

Selective; isolation provided as far as physically possible

Value and uniqueness

Significant as a world collection, although relatively little unique except breeding lines & N.Z. collections

Significant for NZ, Australia, Argentina, Chile and South Africa. NZ-bred hybrids of use to temperate zones of China.

Local importance; not unique

Use

Primarily a working collection, conservation secondary to breeding objectives but significant

Primarily for breeding and selection of improved clones for soil conservation, windbreaks, agroforestry. Selection focused on disease and possum resistance and wood quality

Primarily for selection

Documentation

Computerised and available on WWW (World Wide Web); no systematic descriptors

Being computerised for national stoolbed collection at Aokautere, and will be extended by June 1996 to all sites mentioned above

Accession lists circulated; no systematic descriptors; computerisation beginning

Availability

Available if quantity permits, except for breeding lines and new selections

Clonal material available from Hort Research under non-propagation or trial site agreement. Royalty payment for released cultivars, unimproved selections and older hybrids at cost.

Available

Location of chief world genetic resources

Europe, North and South America

Northern hemisphere (20-70N), particularly China, Himalayas and USA/Canada

Europe, USA, Australia

Adequacy of Conservation in NZ

Facilities excellent; documentation needs to be increased; more NZ collections sought; more overseas collections desirable

Gene pool collections now being documented, but pure species poorly represented for most willows. Narrow poplar representation

Better physical isolation needed during regeneration. Given increasing emphasis on sustainable land management, collection may not be adequate

TABLE 4. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FRUIT AND NUT SPECIES
	APPLES, ASIAN PEARS AND PEARS	STONE FRUIT (APRICOTS, CHERRIES, NECTARINES, PEACHES, PLUMS)	FRUIT *ACTINIDIA* AND OTHER	GRAPES	BERRY FRUIT	SUB-TROPICALS	TEMPERATE NUT TREES
Living collections	Havelock North Research Centre, (Hort+Research) with some replicates at other orchards	Havelock North Research Centre, (Hort+Research) with some replicates at other orchards	Te Puke Research Centre, Nelson Research Centre, Kumeu Research Orchard, (Hort+Research)	Te Kauwhata being shifted to Havelock North Research Centre, (Hort+Research) with about half the collection replicated in other industry collections.	Nelson Research Centre, Mt Albert Research Centre, (Hort+Research)	Various orchards, (Hort+Research) Mainly private collections of banana, passionfruit, loquat, casimoiroa, guava, babaco/pawpaw	Private Individuals. (Branches of Tree Crops Association)
Representation	650 accessions wild species, cultivars, sports, many thousands of genotypes in breeding populations	300 accessions wild species, cultivars, sports, also breeding populations	250 accessions, often with many genotypes per accessions. Wild species, cultivars, sports, also breeding populations.	650 accessions of cultivars, clones, rootstocks, selections	600 accessions wild species, cultivars, sports, breeding populations	Mainly overseas cultivars or wild genotypes: Citrus 160 accessions, feijoa 170, avocado 65, cherimoya 45, fig 34, Cyphomandra 50, pepinos 80, olive 24, persimmons 40	40 N.Z. & overseas collections and cultivars include 40 pecan, 14 almond, 30 hazel, 30 chestnut, 50 walnut, 20 Geruina avellana, 40 macadania named varieties and local improved selections
Value and uniqueness	Apples one of the best collections in the world. Asian pears one of the best collections outside of Asia.	Some material very rare	Probably the most comprehensive collection in the world. Much of the collections is irreplaceable.	Replaceable only at great cost and with considerable difficulty. Very little unique. Virus status often uncertain.	Strawberry collection has unique local cultivars, the Rubs collection is particularly valuable with half being irreplaceable	Mostly of local significance only; little unique (except for pepino which are largely irreplaceable)	Locally selected seedlings have been commended
Use	Breeding, conservation, experimental studies	Breeding, conservation	Conservation, breeding, experimental studies	Conservation, experimental studies, source of budwood	Breeding, conservation	Breeding	Working and resource collections
Documentation	Computerisation, underway	Computerisation underway	Computerisation underway		Computerisation underway	Variable	None
Availability	Readily available except for protected cultivars	Mostly available except for protected cultivars	Available except for protected cultivars or material imported with restrictions	Generally available	Rubus available except for protected cultivars, strawberries mainly not	Mostly available	Insufficient material as yet
Location of chief world genetic resources	U.K., France, U.S.A., Japan, Italy	USA, China, Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States, Rumania, Iran, Canada	China, Japan, Europe, USA, Russia	France, Germany, California, Australia	USA	Various	France, U.S.A., Romania, Turkey
Adequacy of conservation in New Zealand	Adequate, but repropagation of may older plants required and replication for spreading of risk. More effort required on characterisation	Adequate, some replication required	Adequate but some replication required. More effort required on characterisation	Not adequate, no permanent funding, collection at risk.	Adequate	For some collections adequate but many smaller collections of fruit with lesser commercial potential definitely at risk	Not adequate - conservation usually depending on private individuals with limited resources

TABLE 5. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FOREST TREES *See Table 3 for Poplars and Willows
	PINUS RADIATA	PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII	PINUS MURI-CATA	EUCALYPTUS SPP.	CYPRESS MACROCARPA; CYPRESS LUSI-TANICA	OTHER EXOTIC TIMBER SPECIES	NATIVE TIMBER SPP.
Living collections	extensive; country-wide; systematic collections and local plantations	scattered; systematic collections and local plantations	scattered; systematic collections and local plantations	various sites; systematic collections and local plantations	substantial	various, being extended	native forests in situ; (potential as plantations limited)
Seed storage	both New Zealand and overseas; wild collections and breeding material (Forest Research Institute, Rotorua)						N.A.
Regener-ation	selective seed collection; pollination not controlled which is potentially a major problem	selective seed collection; pollination not controlled	selective regeneration planned	selective regeneration; isolation not sought (insect pollination)		no systematic regeneration of most species at present, but no urgency	N.A.
Represent-ation	both New Zealand and overseas; wild collections and breeding material						New Zealand
Value and Uniqueness	highly significant, little unique owing to cooperative germ plasm sharing	significant; broad geographic representation, in-depth over part of range	very significant; none unique but may be most substantial collection outside natural stands	not unique; but significant for some species	some unique	little if any unique, but some collections very important	unique
Use	very intensive breeding and conservation	some intensive breeding and mass-selection and maintenance of broad genetic base	mass-selection, and maintenance of genetic base	some intensive breeding, mass-selection and maintenance of broad genetic base	breeding and conservation	species testing, mass-selection and maintenance of broad genetic base	N.A.
Document-ation	Good records; computerised but often not sifted. Some records for former State forest now out of date						Distribution and biology being covered in Biol. Fl. N.Z.
Availability	freely available except for highly select breeding; sometimes subject to temporary constraints on seed collection or production						Generally available, but subject to consultation with Maori in interim while Waitangi Tribunal Claim No. 262 remains unresolved.
Location of chief world genetic resources	California and Mexican islands (natural stands); N.Z. & Australia, Chile	U.S. & Canada (natural stands); Europe and N.Z.	California (natural stands); Australia & N.Z.	Australia (natural stands) New Zealand for some species	California and Mexico	various; conifers chiefly U.S., Mexico & Cent. America	New Zealand
Adequacy of conserv-ation in N.Z.	good at present; logistics of long-term conservation of living genetic resource material may be a problem in future	generally adequate. Good scheme initiated in U.S.A. but future access problematic	adequate; no urgent problems seen	progress satisfactory	generally adequate, but more Clusitanica desirable	patchy; genetic base often narrow and sometimes suspect. Pressures now exist for liquidation.	scattered relict stands may be efficient for gene conservation but we lack geneological knowledge

TABLE 6. INDIGENOUS PLANTS (OTHER THAN FOREST TREES), AND EXOTIC ORNAMENTALS
	INDIGENOUS PLANTS	EXOTIC ORNAMENTALS
Living Collections	Extensive in situ conservation, much of which enjoys formal legal protection as being part of national and local reserves systems but many ecosystems are under pressure from exotic animals and plant pests in particular. Much indigenous vegetation on private land is unprotected. Some conservation in botanic gardens and scientific collections, e.g. Otan Native Botanic Garden, Wellington. Marine plants enjoy little formal protection.	Various private collections and public botanic gardens and Crop & Food Research. New Zealand has an important resource of exotic ornamentals in both public and private collections. The number of exotic plants is currently estimated at a minimum of 25,000. At least 2420 of these have now naturalised and some are major pests.
Seed Storage	Very little; more research needed; some forest species may be intractable.	Very little.
Representation	A large part of the flora is represented in ex situ collections, but information exchange between collections is poorly coordinated. As an example Otari currently has 3500 accessions representing about 850 vascular species, about a third of the know vascular flora. See text of this document for details of other representation in ex situ collections.	Examples of major plant collections include: Pukeiti Rhododendron Trust, New Plymouth The Lathyrus collection of Dr K Hammett Dunedin Botanic Garden, especially rhododendrons and Australian plants Salvia collection at the Auckland Regional Botanic Gardens See tables in Annex 3
Value and Uniqueness	Mostly unique; 76% of the vascular plant species of New Zealand are endemic, and 43% of marine algae.	Local value. Some species are under threat in their country of origin.
Use	Ex situ collections used for research, breeding and conservation.	Ex situ collections used for research, breeding and conservation.
Documentation	Varies, generally not easily accessible, although more collections are computerising collection data, so it is becoming easier to access data. All the major botanic gardens and the national flax collection now have computerised data bases. Some ornamentals on Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture list e.g. Hebe, with >500 cultivars.	Landcare has a list of species. The Royal NZ Institute of Horticulture has an interim list of significant plant collections (over 500) and checklists of names and features of cultivars.
Availability	Varies	Generally available
Location of chief world genetic resources)	New Zealand	Various
Adequacy of Conservation	Not adequate for a number of species, although few of these have known economic uses at present. 133 species of terrestrial plant are classed by Department of Conservation as Category A or B on the national threatened species list.	Many species are represented by a few individuals and are in danger of being lost from New Zealand.

Aotearoa New Zealand

This listing includes responses to the questionnaire plus collections over 100 species or over 200 accessions in the NZ Plant collections survey of March 1993 (Hammett 1993). There are other resources not listed here, including dispersed resources of exotics (e.g. MacKay 1990 survey). Further information is in Forde (1986), including status of collections, adequacy of conservation and uniqueness; and in DSIR (1989). Neither this, nor other surveys, took into account the percentage of stored germplasm that is actually dead.
Institution + Source	Scope + Resource	Role	Staff + Annual Funding (NZ$) + Security	Co-ordination + data
DOC, overall responsibility for native organisms MfE, 1992	NZ natives (all groups) estimated 50,000 spp. in all, only 16,700 described; > 3,000 introduced.	Protection	Insufficient~200-600 spp. endangered.	Large amount of information in various db.
DOC Native Plant Nursery, Taupo (Leased out to private sector. Minister has stated that collections will stay if they have a proven conservation value. (M.Oates, pers. com. 1993)	NZ native plants, c.350 spp. (280 according to R. Hay)	Includes specialist colls. of rare plants, wetland plants and flaxes. Revegetation, commercial plant sales and advice.	12 staff. Funding from within and outside DOC but commercially self-supporting.
Motukarara Native Plants Nursery W. Harris	Native Plants
National Ethnobotanical Garden - Te Wao Nui A Tane	Indigenous plants of traditional value. Planning phase.	Planned as an area for education and conservation.
National flax collection	Large collection of traditional cultivars of flax.	Conserving cultivars of flax.		Cultivar database
DOC Species and Island Recovery Programmes DOC Corporate Plan 1991-92	Native species. Survey, recover, transfer, manage, monitor, CITES permits. 458 programmes.	5% of programmes expected successfully to improve conservation status of threatened species. 60% of progr. expected to meet objectives.	Govern. 13.8 m
DOC Implementation of Legal Protection DOC Corporate Plan 1991-92	Legal protection, PNA surveys and extensions of close to 53,000 ha in one year.		Govern. 5.1 m, approximately 1/3 of country surveyed for PNA, implementation difficult.
DOC Conservation Estate DOC Corporate Plan 1991-92	native spp. (c.50,000 estim. see above) in parks and reserves (>5 m ha) Includes historic sites.	Management, monitoring, weed, pest, and fire control, restoration and related research.	>>1,240 (only fire fighting support) Govern. 24.8	db on threatened plants, native species, priority listings and PNA surveys
Landcare NZ, Carol Lough, Bill Lee	NZ native + South Pacific Largest NZ Herbarium 530,000 specim.	Economic plants, ethnobotany, reference coll., taxonomy and systematics, patterns of biodiversity, ecology, threatened plant ecology, biogeography.	5 programmes, 23 staff. Government funding 2.5 m (1 in Biodiversity programme, 0.2 in economic botany of native plants and ethnobotany).	Large range of groups and competitive funding system inhibits interdiscipl. and co-ordinated work, several large db
Otari Native Botanic Garden, Mike Oates	c1,200 spp and cultivars Hebe 80 spp., 50 cvs; Olearia 30 spp. Carmichaelia 20 spp. Coprosma 35 spp.
Landcare NZ, Lincoln + Havelock North, Geoff Walls	NZ native plants gardens and nursery.
Aloe collection, Martin Walker	110 species		Private
Cacti collections	Various, unknown numbers but mostly included in Botanic Gardens as well.
Dahlia collection, Auckland Botanic Gardens.	12 spp., c.400 acc.		Auckland City
Dahlia collection, K. Hammett	.12 spp., c.500 acc.		Private
Dahlia collection, L Brown	c.300 acc.		Private
Iris collection, Maria Fairburn	250 spp., 50 acc.		Private
Lathyrus collection, K. Hammett	c.74 spp., c750 acc.		Private
Lithops collection, S. Miehe	380 spp.		Private
Malus collection, Hort Research, Palmerston North	c.500 acc.		Government
Prunus collection, Hort Research, Palmerston North	c.400 acc.		Government
Pyrus collection, Hort Research, Palmerston North	c.200 acc.		Government
Rhododendron, Dunedin Botanic Garden	120 spp., 300 acc.		Dunedin City Council
Rhododendron, New Plymouth DC	>40 spp., >200 acc.		New Plymouth DC
Rhododendron, Pukeiti Rhodo Trust	>400 spp., >1000 acc.		private
Salvia collection, Auckland Botanic Garden	c100 species		Auckland City Council
Exotic Ferns, New Plymouth	>120 species		New Plymouth DC
Native Ferns, New Plymouth	>111 species		New Plymouth DC
Orchid collection, New Plymouth	>520 spp., >980 acc.		New Plymouth DC
Climbing plants, C & J Nicholls	c.400 acc.		private
Dwarf conifers, Waitomo	c400 acc		Waitomo DC
Crop & Food Research Biodiversity Programme, S Halloy	1300 acc., 650 spp., 393 gen., 140 fam., mainly S. America. Gondwana arboretum.	Conservation and supply of unexploited and under-utilised plants for diversification. Research patterns of biodiversity, physiology, taxonomy, biogeography, ethnobotany.	2.3 staff. Feeds into several evaluation programmes. Govern. $161,000, short term, decrease of 54% over 1991.	Relational db established in view of linking NZ genetic resources. More than 3,000 spp. included. Links with USDA, IUCN, INTA.
FRI Rotorua, R.D. Burdon, Ian Nicholas	Timber 120 spp. 1,600 ha of progeny trials, and provenance resource, under covenant. Exotic, some native (eg. Agathis). Some in vitro. Many introductions and trials throughout NZ (Vincent & Dunstan 1989) Incl. Pinus, Jaglans, Paulownia, Acacia, Eucalyptus	Major colls., mostly as live material, some of international significance, in vitro collections a minor component. Research, breeding, collections management Provenance research.	6Sc + 6 T. Govern. + industry funded, limited. Stretched in some areas. Much work 'on hold'. Covenant protection often shaky. Colls. at risk. Financial and resource constraints. Having to deal with unscheduled gifts or arrangements of seedlots.	Information on germplasm part way on relational db compatible for growth data.
FRI Rotorua	542 spp. arboretum
C.E. Ecroyd	c.200 spp. arboretum
Rotorua MRST 1993	Fungal collections of international importance.
Exotic Nurseries, Kaitaia. Dave Austen	>2,800 spp., >1,200 gen., 128 fam.		Private, commercial.
Eastwoodhill Arboretum, Gary Clapperton, McKay 1989	c.2,600 spp., and cultivars, 413 gen, 119 fam. particular emphasis on endangered species, mostly exotic, 75% of spp. northern hemisphere.	Crucial because of its emphasis on endangered species.	Secured under act of Parliament.
Dunedin Botanic Garden, Alison Evans	2,100 acc., 1,400 spp., 700 gen., 124 fam.		Dunedin City Council	Db on Paradox
Hort Research, Alan Seal, Paul Clucina	Fruit plants, ~1,850 acc. in 12 genera. Incl. Avocado, Feijoa, Kiwifruit, Pepino, Tamarillo, Apple, Pear, Stone-fruit, Hops, Rubus (details of larger general colls. elsewhere in this table).	Essential national resource for plant improvement. Significant worldwide repositories (e.g.. Pepino). Taxonomy, evaluation, maintenance.	Govern. to research programmes only. No regard to lack of continuity and long term (expensive) maintenance. Little duplication Long lived perennials are expensive to maintain and research.	Most plant material freely available to bonafide researchers. Emphasis placed on developing computerised databases.
Landcare Soil conservation coll. DSIR 1989, Bruce Bulloch	Soil protection + improvement + shelter plants. 1,800 acc, 600 spp, 50 gen, 15 fam.	Select and breed new material and supply to users. Collection of Willow and Poplar of world importance.	Lack of continuity a major problem.
Crop & Food Research, R.B. Wynn-Williams	Crops, 6 spp, 3 gen in genebank. Forde 1986 cites 10,250 accessions in 7 genera; DSIR 1989 cites 16 gen.	Supply breeding material.	1 Sc. Govern. $124,000 Funding constraints.	Integration with global collections should be focused at specific crops (as per IBPGR policy).
AgResearch, NZ Forage Germplasm Centre (Plant Genetic Resources), W. Williams, R.J.M. Hay, M. Forde	Forage plants seed 61,000 acc (13,400 from overseas), 1,480 spp, 285 gen, 48 fam. Purpose built collection management db.	Working collection to supply breeders and evaluators. Vital for plant improvement. Base coll. for long term storage.	2.3 staff. Training prog. for Chinese. Govern. $297,000 (ensured for 3 years). Inadequate for replenishment of stock.	Strong links to IBPGR and related CGIAR centres. Serves as Australasian Centre for temperate pasture spp.
AgResearch Accelerated Screening, R.J.M. Hay, M. Forde	Forage plants, exotic (China, Russia, Argentina) 250 lines.	Screens new accs. to assess potential for inclusion in forage plant improvement programmes.	0.9 staff + co-operation from other progr. Govern. funded $90,000.
Landcare Plant Protection Fungal Herbarium (PDD) and Fungal and Bacterial Culture Collection (ICMP), Peter Buchanan	Dried fungal herbarium NZ and Pacific (60,000 specim.) (4,000 spp of fungi recorded of 20,000 estim.); 4,000 fungal cultures mostly NZ; 5,500 plant pathogenic bacteria cultures (NZ and internatl.)	Conservation of life support species. Reference, taxonomy. Most comprehensive coll. of NZ fungi. Applied uses (biocontrol, edible). Internalt. coll. of cultures of plant pathogenic bacteria (ICMP).	6.7 staff (3.7 S, 3 T). Govern. $570,000 Inadequate for task. Unstable. Pressure for more applied research. Admin. demands.	Good contacts with analogues internationally. Computerised database. NZ Plant diseases db. Close links with International Mycological Institute part of internatl. network of herbaria and culture colls. CSC link supported.
Landcare Plant Protection NZAC, NZNC, John Dugdale	Preserved Invertebrate collections (mainly arthropods and nematodes) NZ and Pacific. 6m specimens. 3db (lit., Pacific pests, collection). 11,000 native NZ insects recorded out of 20,000 estimated.	Reference taxonomy, identification for quarantine, agricultural research, conservation. Field surveys, guides, revisionary monographs.	11.5 staff (7.9 S, 3.6 T) Govern. $1.4 m. Inadequate, unstable, pressure of more applied research, admin, demands. Need larger accommodation. Internatl. funding would be justified.	Good contacts with analogues internationally, incl. Orston, British Museum of Natural History, IIE, NHM, CSIRO, SPC. International network with herbaria and of other collections. Computerised db compatible with GIS.
National Museum of New Zealand (Wellington) MRST 1993, Young 1988	Reference collections of international importance, >2,000,000 specimens of which half are insects and 235,700 are plants.		10.5 staff equiv.
Auckland Museum MRST 1993	Reference collections of international importance.
Crop & Food Research Novel Crops programme, Jim Douglas	New underexploited plants and animals, mainly for extracts, medicinal, spices, aromatics and ornamentals. Both native and exotic.
Note: The survey leading to this table did not include some important live collections in Botanic Gardens, QE II trust land, major nurseries, private collections and several NGO's.

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ANNEX 3: EXCERPT FROM GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY, AENVIRONMENT 2010"

ANNEX 4: GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND MAORI WORDS

TABLE 1. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FIELD CROPS

TABLE 2. GENETIC RESOURCES OF VEGETABLE CROPS

TABLE 3. GENETIC RESOURCES OF PASTURE AND SOIL CONSERVATION PLANTS

TABLE 4. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FRUIT AND NUT SPECIES

TABLE 5. GENETIC RESOURCES OF FOREST TREES *See Table 3 for Poplars and Willows

TABLE 6. INDIGENOUS PLANTS (OTHER THAN FOREST TREES), AND EXOTIC ORNAMENTALS

Aotearoa New Zealand

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