Total Energy Indicators of Agriculture Sustainability -
Table of Contents
- Total Energy Indicators of Agricultural Sustainability:
- 1. Executive Summary
- 2. Introduction
- 3 . Methodology for Determining Energy Indicators
- 3.1 OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY
- 3.2 FARM OUTPUTS
- 3.3 DIRECT INPUTS
- 3.4 INDIRECT INPUTS
- 3.5 CAPITAL ENERGY INPUTS
- 4 . Results
- 5 . Discussion of Outcomes
- 6 . Conclusions & Recommendations
- 7 . References
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Table of Figures
- Figure 1.1 Proportion of Energy Inputs on the 'National Average' Dairy Farm
- Figure 1.2 Proportion of Energy Inputs on the Average Non-Irrigated Dairy Farm
- Figure 1.3 Proportion of Energy Inputs on the Average Irrigated Dairy Farm
- Figure 2.1 New Zealand Exports for the Year Ended 31 December 1999 (Provisional = NZ$22.5 billion fob) (Statistics NZ, 2000)
- Figure 2.2 Trends in New Zealand Dairy Herd Size and Number
- Figure 2.3 Historical Distribution of Dairy Cattle by Region
- Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Milk Solids Production
- Figure 2.5 Framework for the Development of Energy Indicators for Comparison Between Different Sectors of the Food and Fibre Industries
- Figure 3.1 Relationship between Rated Power and Mass of Tractors
- Figure 3.2 Capital Energy of Dairy Shed as a Function of the Number of Sets of Cups
- Figure 4.1 Relationship between Milk Solids Production and Herd Size
- Figure 4.2 Relationship between Milk Solids Production and Effective Milking Area
- Figure 4.3 Relationship between Production Intensity and Stocking Density
- Figure 4.4 Relationship between Primary Energy Inputs and Effective Milking Area
- Figure 4.5 Proportion of Energy Inputs on the 'National Average' Dairy Farm
- Figure 4.6 Relationship between Energy Intensity and Production
- Figure 4.7 Proportion of Energy Inputs on the Average Non-Irrigated Dairy Farm
- Figure 4.8 Proportion of Energy Inputs on the Average Irrigated Dairy Farm
- Figure 4.9 Total Energy Use per Hectare by Source and Region
- Figure 4.10 Total Energy Use per Kilogram of Milk Solids by Source and Region
- Figure 4.11 Relationship between Overall Energy Ratio and Energy Intensity
- Figure 4.12 Residuals of OER versus Energy Intensity as a function of Production Intensity
- Figure 4.13 Relationship between Overall Energy Ratio and Indirect Energy Requirements for Fertiliser Manufacture
- Figure 4.14 Relationship between Production Intensity and Nitrogen Application Rate
- Figure 4.15 Relationship between Overall Energy Ratio and Primary Electrical Energy for Irrigation Pumping on Spray Irrigated Dairy Farms
- Figure 4.16 Relationship between Effective Milking Area and Capital Energy Requirements excluding Irrigation
- Figure 4.17 Total Energy Inputs per Effective Hectare for Case Farms
- Figure 4.18 Total Energy Input per Kilogram of Milk Solids for Case Farms
- Figure 5.1 Electricity Intensity for Spray Irrigation Systems in the Survey
Table of Tables
- Table 1.1 Key Indicators for the 'National Average', Average Irrigated and Average Non-Irrigated Dairy Farm
- Table 2.1 Range of Specific Energy Requirements for Manufacturing Milk Products (after Lovell-Smith & Baldwin, 1988)
- Table 2.2 Total Energy Indicators for the 'On-farm' level
- Table 2.3 Production Indicators for the 'On-farm' level
- Table 3.1 Range of Gross Composition of Cow's Milk in New Zealand (after Holmes et al, 1984)
- Table 3.2 Energy and Carbon Content of Organic Substances (Energy data after Holland et al, 1991)
- Table 3.3 Average Fuel Consumption Rates (Diesel) for Agricultural Operations (adapted from McChesney (1981) & Bone et al (1996))
- Table 3.4 Energy Requirements to Manufacture Urea (46 percent N)
- Table 3.5 Energy Coefficients and Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Fertiliser Elements
- Table 3.6 Energy Requirements and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacture, Packaging and Distribution of Agri-chemicals
- Table 3.7 Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emission Costs of Grass Silage Production
- Table 3.8 Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emission Costs of Maize Silage Production
- Table 3.10 Energy Coefficients, Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors and Assumed Working Life of Motor Vehicles and Farm Implements
- Table 3.11 Number and Average Mass of Implements found on Surveyed Dairy Farms
- Table 3.12 Holding Pond Requirements for Land Based Dairy Effluent Treatment
- Table 4.1 Geographical Distribution of Surveyed Farms
- Table 4.2 Average Production Indicators for Surveyed Farms
- Table 4.3 Average Energy Indicators for Surveyed Farms
- Table 4.4 Nutrient Application Rates and Electrical Energy Intensity
- Table 4.5 Percentage Weighting Factors Used for Calculation of Indicators for the 'National Average' Dairy Farm
- Table 4.6 Predicted Production Indicators for the 'National Average' Dairy Farm
- Table 4.7 Predicted Energy Indicators for the 'National Average' Dairy Farm
- Table 4.8 Production and Energy Indicators Average Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Dairy Farms
- Table 4.9 Average Production and Total Energy Indicators for Surveyed Farms by Region
- Table 4.10 Correlation Coefficients for Principal Dependent and Independent Variables
- Table 5.1 Selected Indicators for the 'National Average' Dairy Farm compared to Average Values from the Pilot Survey and 1976/77 Survey
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