Total Energy Indicators of Agricultural Sustainability:
Dairy Farming Case Study
Technical Paper 2001/3
Prepared by:
Dr Colin Wells, Dept of Physics
University of Otago
ISBN: 0-478-07968-0
ISSN: 1171-4662
August 2001
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While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry does not accept any responsibility or liability for error or fact omission, interpretation or opinion which may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information.
Any view or opinions expressed to not necessarily represent the official view of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Energy & Power
| J | joule | |||||||
| kJ | kilojoule | 1,000 joules | ||||||
| MJ | megajoule | 1,000,000 joules | ||||||
| GJ | gigajoule | 1,000,000,000 joules | ||||||
| TJ | terajoule | 1,000,000,000,000 joules | ||||||
| PJ | petajoule | 1,000,000,000,000,000 joules | ||||||
| kWh | kilowatt-hour | 3.6 MJ | ||||||
| W | watt | basic unit of power = 1 Joule per second | ||||||
| kW | kilowatt | 1,000 watts | ||||||
| hp | horsepower | 0.7457 kilowatt | ||||||
Others
| ha | hectare | 10,000 square metres |
| kg | kilogram | |
| t | tonne | |
| t-km | tonne-kilometre | one tonne carried one kilometre |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| DM | dry matter |
| EECA | Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority |
| JCES | Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences, Lincoln College and University of Canterbury (now the Centre for Resource Management) |
| MAF | Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (formerly Ministry of Agriculture) |
| MfE | Ministry for the Environment |
| MS | milk solids |
| NZDB | New Zealand Dairy Board |
| NZERDC | New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee (defunct) |
| RMA | Resource Management Act |
Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following:
Don Bagnall and Kevin Steel, MAF Policy, Wellington
Andrew Barber, Agriculture New Zealand Ltd, Pukekohe, for co-ordination of data collection by Agriculture New Zealand consultants. Kathrine Ball and Ken Muscroft-Taylor, Agriculture New Zealand Ltd, Canterbury, for valuable input into redesign of the survey forms.
Karen Wells, data entry and checking.
Damian Culshaw, ETSU, United Kingdom, for assistance with data collection and literature review for the pilot study while on study leave in New Zealand.
Ian McChesney, Canterbury Regional Council, for access to unpublished reports and answering my many questions about the previous surveys.
Prof. David Pimentel, Cornell University, and Prof. Bill Stout, Texas A&M University for their willingness to share up-to-date information.
Johannes Moerschner, University of Goettingen, Germany, for an interesting international discussion on how to determine agricultural energy indicators.
Lindsay Robertson and Roger Keedwell, NZ Dairy Research Institute, for sharing information from their survey of the New Zealand dairy processing industry.
Don Cleland and Ralph Sims, Massey University, and Gerry Carrington, University of Otago, for peer review (at various stages of this project).
Dr Morgan Williams, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (formerly Agriculture New Zealand Ltd), for helping shape the original concept of this project.
Members of the pilot study workshop team not already mentioned above: Dr Murray Paterson, Massey University; Nigel Jollands, formerly Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority; Doug Clover, Ministry for the Environment, Dr Prue Williams, Crop & Food CRI; Graeme Martin, Lincoln University; Evan Morch, Private Energy Consultant; Ian Shearer, Private Energy Consultant.
This research began while the author was Senior Engineering Consultant with Agriculture New Zealand Ltd, Christchurch.
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